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In Sep 1931 the Mukden Incident led to Japanese troops entering Chinese territory of Manchuria, which subsequently led to the establishment of the puppet state Manchukuo in Feb 1932. The occupation of Manchuria by Japanese troops deeply humiliated the Chinese, leading to mass protests (mostly by students) against Japanese spheres of influence and called for a wide boycott of Japanese goods. Scenes of public burning of Japanese goods were not uncommon. Much of the hatred for the Japanese was also rooted in the First Sino-Japanese War that took place only thirty years earlier. One of such protests turned violent, resulting in the injury of several Japanese officials. Soon after, a group of Chinese soldiers "violated" boundaries forcefully set by the Japanese of where the Chinese military could operate in Shanghai, clashing with Japanese in the city. The Japanese government, which held 7,000 troops outside the city centered around a sizeable naval fleet, demanded apology and monetary compensation from the government in Shanghai, who helplessly complied. Nevertheless, Japanese carrier aircraft bombed the city on 28 Jan 1932; it was the first major aircraft carrier action in the Far East. Following the bombing, 3,000 Japanese troops marched into Shanghai, clashing with the Chinese 19th Route Army. Despite urgings from the United States and Britain to cease aggression even before the violence had broken out, Japan continued fighting.

On 30 Jan, Chiang Kaishek met with his advisers in Nanjing and decided to temporarily move the capital from Nanjing to Luoyang as an emergency measure due to Nanjing's proximity to Shanghai. Chiang stressed the importance for the 19th Route Army to hold Shanghai, and assigned the defense of Nanjing to the 61th Division and the German-trained 87th and 88th Divisions. The three divisions in Nanjing was to serve as reserve forces for Shanghai.

By mid-Feb, Japanese 24th Mixed Brigade and 9th Division had both arrived in Shanghai as reinforcements. On 14 Feb, at the request of the Chinese 19th Route Army, the 87th and 88th Divisions, support by other independent units, were sent in to Shanghai as the 5th Army. At the time, the 5th Army was considered the best fighting force in China due to its superb German training and modern equipment.

By 18 Feb, the reinforcements had arrived in the suburbs of Shanghai. At 0730 on 20 Feb, Japanese aircraft and artillery bombarded elements of the Chinese 88th Division near Miaoxing, followed by an attack by the 24th Mixed Brigade. The defenders held ground, and the Japanese could do little but continue the bombardment. In the morning of 22 Feb, a sudden attack by the Japanese to the east of Miaoxing collapsed the Chinese line, but a costly Chinese counterattack during the day drove the Japanese back by 2030 that evening. The counterattack cost the Chinese 20 officers killed and 2,000 casualties total.

In Shanghai, fierce street fighting in the Chapei district often characterized the brutal fighting in this battle. Eventually the Japanese forces grew to a size larger than 100,000 troops supported by naval vessels and aircraft, while the ill-equpped Chinese defenders in the city fielded only half the amount of men.

Beginning from 25 Feb, the Japanese changed tactics. While the troops in Shanghai continued to exert pressure just the same, the forces outside shifted the main attack near Maijiazhai where the Chinese 87th Division defended. At 0800 on 26 Feb, after a 100-minute long artillery barrage that ripped apart most defensive works, the Japanese rushed Maijiazhai, pushing back the line by 1100. The 19th Route Army sent elements from the 61th and 78th Divisions from Shanghai to reinforce the 87th Division, and eventually pushed back the Japanese.

On 29 Feb, the Japanese 11th Division landed near Liuhe behind Chinese lines, tying down the Chinese troops in a desperate defense to prevent the Japanese from establishing a strong beachhead. The troops in Shanghai launched a coordinated attack with the 11th Division starting on 1 Mar. By the end of the next day, the 19th Route Army retreated from the city, marking the official end of the battle within the city, though sporadic fighting persisted.

Between 3 Mar and 8 Mar, 7,000 to 8,000 Japanese attacked against Chinese forces outside the city continued. The Chinese fought on stubbornly, but eventually was no match against the Japanese. After losing over 100 officers killed and suffering over 13,000 casualties, the Chinese withdrew. The German-trained elite 87th and 88th Divisions suffered 5,380 casualties, which was of grave damage to overall Chinese strength.

On 5 May, the Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement was signed. Areas around Chinese cities of Shanghai, Suzhou, and Kunshan were to be free of Chinese military; the cities were instead to be under the protection of the Japanese. This agreement angered the Chinese, some accused the western powers of appeasing to the aggression shown by Japan. Although this battle was fought without a formal declaration of war, it was considered by some as the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

This battle saw the establishment of the comfort women system by the Japanese troops in China. The system was established with the original purpose of preventing the desire for raping Chinese women and to prevent the outbreak of venereal diseases among Japanese ranks. Though as the war progressed, the comfort women system was to become something completely different.

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Visitor Submitted Comments

1. Anonymous says:
   30 Nov 2005 10:05:22 PM
   
   bullshit
2. Anonymous says:
   30 Nov 2005 10:06:41 PM
   
   Where did you get the story? Japanese intentionally provoked the Shanghai incident for distracting the International League from investigating the Sept 18th 1931 invasion of Manchuria.
3. Anonymous says:
   6 Jan 2007 04:19:02 PM
   
   it doesnt make sense. since the japanese had already invaded China back to 1932, any sort of protest from the Chinese side would be called reasonable. you can not simply say that a group of Chinese soldiers violated boundaries forcefully. one simple reason is that was in China. the Chinese army was reponsible for protesting any sort of invasion at any time any.place.
4. Anonymous says:
   24 May 2007 01:39:00 PM
   
   comfort women system is sex slavery, and is a system designed for rape. Its not a system that prevents jap soilders to rape chiense women
5. Leong says:
   25 Jun 2007 07:18:19 PM
   
   The posters below should note that the author did not say or infer that the Chinese violated boundaries. In fact the word violated is in quotation marks thereby implying that the Japanese made this claim
6. Anonymous says:
   14 Mar 2008 11:02:23 PM
   
   it is true.most of Chinese havn't knew befor.the 2nd Sino-Japanese War when Soviet of China was established in Rui-Jing,National Gorvement in Nanking merly four years,even the revolution since 1911 China had no one day in calm.such a nation in such situation in such world state,think to the past 60 years Tai-Wan still dissociated from motherland, you may know that why you know an almost unreal history!
7. communist hater says:
   15 Mar 2008 09:31:15 AM
   
   you say taiwan is disassociated from the motherland, i say motherland was taken away from the government now situated in taiwan! down with the communist bandits!
8. Anonymous says:
   17 Mar 2008 06:45:14 AM
   
   About Taiwan, it really is all a matter of perspective. I, too, happen to be a supporter of the government in Taiwan, but who has sovereignty of mainland China is really just a matter of perspective.

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